Space Weather Gains National and International Attention空间天气获得国家和国际关注
A heightened understanding of geomagnetic disturbances in a high-tech world encourages policy changes in the United States and abroad. 美国和国外的政策变化提高了对高技术世界中地磁扰动的认识。
SOURCE: Space Weather
An ejection of charged particles from the Sun emits clouds of plasma that can interact with and disturb Earth’s magnetic field, potentially creating electrical currents that can disrupt or damage the electrical power grid and other infrastructure systems. 从太阳喷出的带电粒子会释放出能与地球磁场相互作用的等离子体的云，潜在地创造能混乱或损坏电网和其他基础设施系统的电流。Credit信用: SOHO
By Shannon Kelleher 8 February 2016 由Shannon Kelleher 2016年2月8日
Space weather originates far beyond the Earth’s atmosphere, but its effects can be felt much closer to home. 空间天气是远远超出了地球的大气层，但其影响可以在离家更近的地方感觉到。 Eruptions on the surface of the Sun can be accompanied by the ejection of an enormous cloud of charged particles with a magnetic field. 太阳表面上的喷发会伴随着一个巨大的带电粒子云与磁场的喷出。If the cloud interacts with Earth’s (geo)magnetic field, which functions like a protective bubble against harmful radiation, it can cause a disturbance. 如果云与地球的（地球）磁场相互作用，它的功能就像一个保护泡沫，对有害辐射，它可以引起干扰。 A geomagnetic disturbance can manifest as induced electrical currents in Earth’s crust. 地磁干扰可以表现为地壳中的感应电流。These geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can disrupt or damage the electrical power grid and other infrastructure systems. 这些地磁感应电流（GICS）可以混乱或损坏的电网和其他基础设施系统。
Sunspots from the most powerful geomagnetic storm on record, drawn in 1859. A and B mark initial positions of bright regions which over 5 minutes moved to C and D, then disappeared. 从最强大的磁暴的太阳黑子的记录，绘制于1859年。A和B表示亮区的初始位置，持续了五分钟后移动到C和D，然后消失。 Credit: Richard Carrington
The most powerful geomagnetic disturbance on record was the Carrington event of 1859, named for one of the amateur astronomers who first observed it. 最强大的地磁干扰记录是1859年的卡林顿事件，以一个业余天文学家首次观察到它并为之命名。 Since then, many less intense geomagnetic disturbances have been observed. 自那时以来，许多不太强烈的地磁扰动已被观察到。The potential threat from an extreme geomagnetic disturbance has increased with the widespread reliance on modern technology. 一个极端的地磁干扰的潜在威胁使我们增更加广泛的依赖于现代技术。
A geomagnetic disturbance in March 1989 caused a significant power outage in Canada and damage to electrical power grid components in Canada and the United States. 发生在1989年3月的地磁干扰造成了加拿大的一次重大停电并且加拿大和美国电力网部件损坏。This event marked a new interest in GIC research by both the U.S. federal government and private industry. 这一事件标志着在GIC研究一种新的兴趣由美国联邦政府和私营企业的研究。The prominent insurance market Lloyd’s produced a 2013 report that estimates a modern space weather event as powerful as the Carrington event could cause trillions of dollars in damages in North America and leave 20–40 million people without power for up to 2 years. 著名的保险市场劳埃德制作了一份2013份报告，估计一个现代空间天气事件，如卡林顿事件，可能会导致数万亿美元在美国北部的损害赔偿并且离开20–40万人断电长达2年之久。According to a new analysis of space weather policy in the United States by Jonas and McCarron, this risk has led to a number of policy activities. 根据美国的Jonas and McCarron的空间天气策略分析，这种风险导致了一些政策活动。The House of Representatives has passed space weather legislation every year since 2009, and in 2010 Congress recognized space weather as a significant threat in the NASA Authorization Act. 自2009年以来，众议院每年都通过太空气象法案并且在2010年国会认可空间天气在美国航天局授权法案中的一个重要威胁。In 2011, the Department of Homeland Security released the Strategic National Risk Assessment, which designates space weather as a threat to homeland security. 在2011年，美国国土安全部发布了国家战略风险的评估，为了指出空间天气对国土安全的威胁。Recognition of space weather’s effects resulted in a shift toward action in 2014, when the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission adopted a standard requiring electrical power grid owners and operators to address geomagnetic disturbances.在2014年空间天气的影响导致对行为识别的转变当联邦能源管理委员会通过了一个标准要求电力网拥有者并且运营商解决地磁干扰。On the global stage, intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are coordinating efforts to address space weather. 在全球舞台上，联合国和北大西洋公约组织等政府间组织正在协调努力，以解决空间天气问题。
In the coming years, the federal government plans to bolster its preparations for space weather events. 在未来的几年里，联邦政府计划鼓励加强对太空天气事件的准备工作。 In 2014 the White House developed the Space Weather Operations and Research Mitigation Task Force, which, in October 2015, released the National Space Weather Strategy and National Space Weather Action Plan. 在2014年白宫发展了空间天气作业和研究减灾工作队，其中， 2015年十月发布了国家空间天气战略和国家空间天气行动计划。The strategy and action plan set goals and specify activities that include establishing benchmarks for space weather events and enhancing response and recovery capabilities.战略和行动计划设定的目标，并且指定活动，包括建立基准的空间天气事件和提高响应和恢复能力。
Finally, the fiscal year 2017 Science and Technology Budget Priorities for the U.S. executive branch emphasize the importance of space weather research, further underscoring the need to harden electronic-dependent societies against space weather hazards. 最后在2017年财政年度，美国行政部门的科技预算优先重视空间天气研究的重要性，进一步强调必须强化电子依赖性社会免受空间天气灾害。The authors emphasize the value of this increased awareness and interest on the part of political leaders—responsible policy will help to protect lives and livelihoods. 作者强调，这对政治领导人负责的部分的价值增加了认识和兴趣，政策将有助于保护人民的生命和生计。(Space Weather, doi:10.1002/2015SW001310, 2015)
—Shannon Kelleher, Writer Intern
Citation: Kelleher, S. (2016), Space weather gains national and international attention, Eos, 97,doi:10.1029/2016EO045115. Published on 8 February 2016.
