组内新闻----太阳物理研究团组

White House Plan Focuses on Hazards from Solar Storms

白宫计划侧重于(研究)来自太阳风暴的危害

Space weather has its day in the Sun, with the administration issuing a new strategy and action plan to increase protection from damaging solar emissions.

空间天气会受到太阳的影响，政府发布了一个新的战略和行动计划，以增加对太阳有害辐射的保护。

The White House is paying closer attention to the potential widespread damage that some powerful space weather storms emanating from the Sun can cause to electric power systems, satellite and aircraft operations, telecommunications, navigation, and other technology.

白宫更密切关注潜在的大范围的破坏，一些强大的空间天气风暴从太阳发出可能会导致电力系统，卫星和飞机运营，通信，导航等技术受到严重的影响。

On 29 October, the administration issued a new strategy and action plan to cope with space weather events.

10月29日，美国政府发布了一项新的战略和行动计划，以应对空间天气事件。

Space weather is “a priority” for the Obama administration, according to White House science adviser John Holdren.

据白宫科学顾问约翰霍尔德伦，空间天气是“优先”由奥巴马政府提出的。

Space weather is “a priority” for the Obama administration, White House science adviser John Holdren said at a 29 October White House forum to release the documents. 空间天气是“优先”由奥巴马政府提出，白宫科学顾问约翰霍尔德伦在29十月白宫论坛发布的文件。

“We absolutely need to ensure that our nation is appropriately prepared to respond to and recover from space weather events.”

“我们绝对需要确保我们的国家对空间天气事件作出适当的反应和恢复。”

Space weather events occur when outbursts from the Sun, such as solar flares, solar energetic particles, and coronal mass ejections, collide with Earth’s magnetic field. 空间天气事件发生时，来自太阳的爆发如太阳耀斑，太阳高能粒子，和日冕物质抛射，地球的磁场碰撞。

Although many of these events are harmless, some are powerful enough to cause havoc by disrupting critical technology. 虽然这些事件是无害的，有些是强大到足以通过干扰关键技术造成破坏。

Speakers at the forum referred to a 1989 geomagnetic storm that cut electricity to 6 million Canadians for 9 hours and to the 1859 “Carrington” event, the largest documented series of geomagnetic storms from the Sun to have struck Earth. 演讲者在论坛上提到了1989年的地磁风暴，削减600万加拿大人9小时用电，并在1859年“卡林顿”事件中，最大的记录系列从太阳磁暴到达地球的事件。

Key Goals主要目标

The White House strategy calls for improving efforts to protect against and mitigate space weather risks; improving the fundamental understanding of space weather; and increasing the accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of space weather observations and forecasts. 白宫战略呼吁加强努力，以防止和缓解空间天气风险；改善空间天气的基本认识；提高空间天气观测和预报的准确性、可靠性和及时性。

The action plan includes specific federal agency and interagency measures to implement the strategy.

行动计划包括具体的联邦机构和跨部门的实施策略。

A panel established a year ago—the interagency Space Weather Operations, Research and Mitigation (SWORM) task force—developed the strategy and action plan. This panel comprised representatives from 24 federal departments, agencies, and offices.

跨空间天气业务的小组成立一年以来，研究和减灾（SWORM）任务组的开发战略和行动计划。这个小组包括来自24个联邦部门、机构和办公室的代表。

Bill Murtagh, assistant director for space weather at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, told Eos that a group is being formed to pick up where the SWORM task force left off to ensure implementation of the action plan. 比尔莫塔，白宫空间天气科学和技术政策办公室主任助理，告诉EOS小组正在组建并继续进行SWORM工作小组停止的工作，以确保该行动计划的执行。

He noted that both sides of the aisle in Congress support taking action on space weather. 他指出，国会支持双方在空间天气方面采取行动。

“If it’s controversial at all, it’s ‘Are we doing enough?’” he said. “如果这是有争议的，这是我们做的不够吗？”他说。

Vulnerability and Opportunity漏洞与机会

During the late October forum, participants from government and industry agreed on the seriousness of the peril. 在十月末的论坛期间，政府和工业界人士同意了这一危险的严重性。

“Although we have a lot to learn about the physics and phenomenology of space weather,” said National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) AdministratorKathryn Sullivan, “there is no uncertainty” about society’s vulnerability to its storms. “虽然我们有很多物理和空间天气现象的知识要学习，”美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）局长Kathryn沙利文说，“不过不确定性是不存在的”对社会容易遭受的风暴。

William “Terry” Boston, chief executive officer emeritus of the largest power grid in North America, PJM Interconnection, agreed that geomagnetic disturbances pose “a clear and present threat to the [electrical] system.” 威廉“特里”波士顿，获得了北美最大的电力网公司PJM公司互联首席执行官荣誉，一致认为，地磁扰动造成“明显而现实的威胁到了[电子]系统。”

To the academic community, the action plan offers an opportunity “to contribute importantly to the national effort” through basic and operational research, said Louis Lanzerotti, a distinguished research professor of physics at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark. 在学术界，该行动计划提供了一个重要的机会为“全国性工作作出重要贡献” 通过基础研究和业务研究的Louis Lanzerotti说，他是纽瓦克新泽西理工学院物理学技术的杰出研究教授。

The community is “going to be thrilled” with the action plan, he said at the forum. 他在论坛上说：“要为行动计划感到兴奋”。

Cooperative Effort合作努力

The new strategy “is long overdue,” and it partly makes up for “a very severe lack of regulation and appropriate standards for the U.S. electric grid,” Thomas Popik, chairman of the Foundation for Resilient Societies, told Eos. 新战略“姗姗来迟”这部分弥补了“对美国的电网调控和适当的标准一个非常严重的缺乏，”托马斯Popik，该基金会的弹性协会主席告诉EOS。

The foundation is a nonprofit concerned about the protection of North America’s electric grids and other critical infrastructure. 该基金会是一个非营利组织，主要用于关注保护美国北部电网和其他关键基础设施。

For Dan Baker, director of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder, the cooperation between agencies inherent to the action plan suggests “we really have a chance for making this work.” 对于丹贝克，在科罗拉多大学的大气和空间物理实验室主任，在行动计划所固有的机构之间的合作表明，“我们真的有机会做这项工作。”

There is “a golden opportunity” for collaboration between the academic, governmental, and commercial space weather sectors to improve forecasts and resilience to space weather events, agreed Conrad Lautenbacher, chief executive officer of the environmental data company GeoOptics and former NOAA administrator.这是学术界和政府之间的合作的“黄金机会”商业空间天气领域提高预测（和弹性）的空天天气事件，康拉德表示同意劳滕巴赫尔，环境数据的公司geooptics NOAA管理员和前首席执行官。

Baker, who chaired the National Research Council’s 2012 Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics, also expressed concern about continuity of implementation in future administrations and congressional support for the plan. 贝克，曾主持国家研究委员会2012年太阳和空间物理的十年调查，也对实现今后主管部门的连续性和计划国会的支持表示关切。

He told Eos that he hopes that the release of the space weather strategy and action plan “is a watershed moment where things are really going to change.” —Randy Showstack, Staff Writer

他告诉奥斯说，他希望空间天气战略和行动计划的发布“是一个分水岭，事情真的要发生改变。” —Randy Showstack, 员工作家

NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this image of a solar flare—as seen in the bright flash on the lower right limb of the Sun—at 8:12 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on 1 October 2015. The image is a blend of three wavelengths of extreme ultraviolet light that have been colorized. Credit: NASA/SDO美国宇航局的太阳动力学天文台拍摄的此图像太阳耀斑在太阳上右下分支看到的明亮的闪光在下午8时12分东部夏令时间在2015年10月1日，图像是三个波段的观测结果。图片提供：NASA/ SDO

Louis Lanzerotti, distinguished research professor, New Jersey Institute of Technology, speaking. Looking on is Conrad Lautenbacher, chief executive officer of GeoOptics and former National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration administrator. Credit: Randy Showstack正在说话的是路易斯Lanzerotti，杰出研究教授，新泽西理工学院。旁为康拉德·劳滕巴赫尔，GeoOptics和前美国国家海洋和大气管理局管理员的首席执行官。信用：兰迪Showstack

Citation: Showstack, R. (2015), White House plan focuses on hazards from solar storms, Eos, 96,doi:10.1029/2015EO039015. Published on 6 November 2015.

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Earth's Water Came from Space Dust During Planetary Formation

行星形成过程中，地球的水来自太空尘埃

A new analysis of lava from the deep mantle indicates that water-soaked dust particles, rather than a barrage of icy comets, asteroids, or other bodies, delivered water to the newly forming Earth.

深部地幔熔岩的新分析表明，水浸过的尘埃粒子，而不是一个冰的彗星，小行星，或其他天体，输送水到形成的新地球。

Although existing theories of where Earth’s water comes from assume that ice-rich comets or asteroids hit the planet after it formed, new research leaves those ideas in the dust. 尽管地球的水的存在的理论认为，冰丰富的彗星或小行星撞击地球后，它才形成，新的研究把这些想法留在了尘埃里。A team of researchers has found evidence that “Earth has had water since the beginning of its formation,” according to planetary scientist Lydia Hallis, who led the team. 一组研究人员已经发现的证据表明，地球从它的形成开始有水，根据行星科学家Lydia Hallis，这个队伍的领导者。

A new paper about this evidence, published earlier this month in the journal Science, points to Earth’s water coming from motes of space dust with water molecules attached getting incorporated into the planet during its formation. 关于这个证据的新论文，本月早些时候发表在科学杂志上，这项发现指出指出地球上的水来自空间中的尘埃颗粒和水分子逐渐的结合并进入行星中。

Hallis and her colleagues tracked the water back to its dusty source by looking at 60-million-year-old lava flows from Baffin Island, Canada, that originated deep within Earth’s mantle. 哈勒斯和她的同事们追踪水和尘埃源通过观察从巴芬岛，加拿大的60百万年起源于地球深处的地幔的熔岩流。 Within these lava flow samples, which cooled into rock after erupting, the team found a low ratio of two isotopes of hydrogen—specifically, deuterium to ordinary hydrogen (D/H). 在这些熔岩流样本，其中爆发后冷却成岩石，研究小组发现的氢两种同位素- 特别是氘与普通氢的比值很低（D / H）。The low value strongly indicates that Earth’s water came from the solar nebula—a swirling disk of dust around the early Sun from which the planets and other bodies in our solar system formed.较低的比值强烈的表明，地球上的水来自太阳星云-在我们的太阳系尘埃形成旋转盘围绕太阳形成太阳系系统最初的行星和其他天体。

Heavy Water Holds the Answer重水锁定了答案

Deuterium is a neutron-containing hydrogen isotope; water containing deuterium is sometimes referred to as heavy water.氘是包含中子的氢同位素，含氘气的水有时被称为重水。 Planetary scientists can use the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen within a planet’s water reservoirs to determine the water’s origin. 行星科学家可以利用氘与氢在地球的水储层中的比例来确定水的来源。“It’s a signature for where that water came from in the solar system,” said Hallis. “这是水来自太阳系的特征标志” Hallis 说。Earth’s water resides not just in such familiar locations as oceans, aquifers, and clouds but also in rock or magma permeated with water molecules and located deep within the planet. 地球上的水所在位置不只是在这样熟悉的地点如海洋，地下蓄水层，和云，而且在位于地球内部深处和岩石或岩浆中也弥漫着水分子。

Easily accessible reservoirs of water near Earth’s surface, such as the oceans, contain deuterium, but not at the same concentrations as when the planet first formed. 水轻松抵达近地球表面的蓄水层，如海洋，包含氘，但在行星刚形成的时候不是在同一个浓度。The concentrations have changed due to contact with the atmosphere, crust, and upper mantle and exchanges of molecules and atoms between those different layers. 该物的浓度变化，是由于与大气，地壳和上地幔和这些不同层之间的分子和原子的交换进行联系。Although portions of Earth’s mantle do mix, Hallis thinks that the area of the deep mantle where the Baffin Island lava flows came from was an isolated region of the heterogeneous mantle. 虽然地球地幔的某些部分的混合，Hallis认为，深部地幔在巴芬岛熔岩流是来自地幔异质的隔离区。 Therefore, those flows didn’t mix with magma from the upper mantle or the crust before erupting, which allowed them to preserve their original D/H ratio, she and her team reported in their 13 November paper.因此，这些熔岩流在爆发喷出之前进入上地幔和地壳时并没有混合，使它们能够保持它们原有的D / H比值，她和她的团队在11月3号发表了这篇文章。

“I think the most important thing is that they’ve made a good attempt to measure Earth’s original D/H ratio,” said planetary scientist Benjamin Weiss of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, who was not involved in this research. “我觉得最重要的是，他们已经做不错的尝试，以测量地球的原始D / H比值”剑桥的麻省理工学院的行星科学家Benjamin Weiss 说，他并没有参与这次发现。He said that measurement marks the first step toward really understanding where our water came from. 他说，测量标志着对真正了解我们的水从何而来的第一步。

Comets and Meteorites Don’t Match Up彗星和陨石不匹配

Using the Sun as a proxy for the solar system–forming nebula, Hallis and her colleagues found that it is the only body in the solar system with as low a D/H ratio as the lava flows. 使太阳作为太阳系的–形成星云的代表成分，Hallis和他的同事发现它是太阳系中唯一的D/H比值与火山熔岩流的比值一样低。However, when they compared their lava samples to meteorites, which are shards of comets or asteroids that landed and were found on Earth, all the meteorites had higher D/H ratios. 然而，当他们比较了它们的熔岩样本陨石，这是彗星或小行星的碎片降落并在地球上发现的陨石，所有陨石具有较高的D / H比值。 The mismatch indicates that, most likely, neither the parent comets or asteroids nor the shards from such bodies are the source of Earth’s water, Hallis told Eos.这个不匹配表明，最有可能的是，地球上的水来源既不是母彗星和小行星也不是它们的碎片，Hallis告诉 Eos。

A study published a little more than a year ago in Science also argued that Earth received its water as it was forming, but from really old meteors called carbonaceous chondrites.一年多前一项研究发表在科学上还认为，地球在形成的时候接收到水，但是是来自真的年老的流星称为碳质球粒陨石。 However, the D/H ratio that Hallis and her colleagues determined for the deep mantle is lower than that of the chondrites, Hallis said, suggesting that something that preceded those meteors—i.e., the nebula’s dust—delivered the water.然而，Hallis和她的同事确定D/H在深地幔的比值比上述陨石要低，Hallis说，表明一些先前那些流星-即星云的尘埃输送的水。

Still, MIT’s Weiss said we know too little about the D/H ratios of all asteroids and comets to rule them out as a source of Earth’s water. 然而，麻省理工学院的韦斯说,所有的小行星和彗星的D / H比值我们了解得太少,因此排除他们作为地球上的水的来源。“The trouble is, we don’t know the full range of meteorites,” he explained. “问题是，我们不知道的全方位陨石，”他解释说。 “Our meteorites are just a tiny sample of the enormous diversity of asteroids that are out there.” “我们的陨石是有巨大的多样性的小行星一个微小的样本。”

In the future, meteorite specialists might discover some of the space rocks with D/H ratios closer to what Hallis and her colleagues found in the lava flows. 在未来，陨石专家可能会发现一些太空岩石的D / H比值更接近哈勒斯和她的同事们在熔岩流中发现的比值。 In the meantime, their findings “definitely make it less probable that [asteroids] are the source,” Weiss said. 在此期间，他们的发现“肯定使它不可能是[小行星]的来源，”Weiss说。

Other Planets Formed Similarly其他行星的类似形成

Some scientists challenge the idea that water always existed on Earth because the extreme heat of the early solar system would evaporate any water. 一些科学家质疑水一直存在地球上，因为早期太阳系的极热会蒸发地球上任何形式的水。 Hallis said that although the Earth probably did and still does lose hydrogen and therefore water, she believes the Earth kept most of its water. Hallis说，虽然地球上可能也仍然没有失去氢，因此水的形成，她认为，地球保持其大部分的水。Earth’s thick atmosphere and its magnetic field, which slows down atmospheric erosion by fending off the wind of charged particles from the Sun, help to reduce water losses. 地球厚厚的大气层和磁场，从而减缓抵御来自太阳的带电粒子风大气的侵蚀，有助于减少水损失。 Other rocky planets probably formed with water in the same way as Earth but then lost their water—Mars lost its protective magnetic field and atmosphere, whereas conditions on Venus caused water molecules to break up and release hydrogen into space. 其他的类地岩石行星可能与地球形成的水的过程一样，但随后失去了它们的水的火星失去了起到保护作用的保护磁场和大气，而金星上的条件，则是使水分子破裂和释放氢进入大气。

“There’s no reason why, if Earth accreted in this way, that Venus, Mars, and Mercury, and maybe the other rocky bodies in the solar system, wouldn’t have accreted in this way as well,” said Hallis.“没有为什么，如果地球成这样，金星，火星，水星，也许在太阳系中和其他岩石类天体，不会成为现在的样子” Hallis说。

—Cody Sullivan, Writer Intern

Citation: Sullivan, C. (2015), Earth’s water came from space dust during planetary formation, Eos, 96, doi:10.1029/2015EO040147. Published on 23 November 2015.

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VLA Yields New Insights on Solar Flares VLA（甚大（射电天线）阵）产生太阳耀斑的新见解

Astronomers have made a significant step toward confirming a proposed explanation for how solar flares accelerate charged particles to speeds nearly that of light. 天文学家已经朝着取得重要的提议来解释太阳耀斑如何加速带电粒子的速度接近光速迈出显著的一步。 This important advance was made possible by the new capabilities of the National Science Foundation's Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope. 这一重要进展成为可能由美国国家科学基金会的Karl G. Jansky甚大阵（VLA）射电望远镜的新功能。

Solar flares, the most powerful explosions in the Solar System, can accelerate large numbers of charged particles to nearly the speed of light. How they do that, however, has been uncertain. 太阳耀斑，太阳系中最强大的爆发，可以加速大量带电粒子，以接近光的速度。然而如何做到这一点，这是不确定的。

"It has been thought that a specific type of shock produced by solar flares could be responsible for accelerating these particles, but there has been no convincing observational evidence for this mechanism. Now, using the raw power of the upgraded VLA, we have a fundamentally new result that strongly supports this shock acceleration scenario,"“它已被认为通过太阳耀斑产生特定类型的震动（或者冲击）可负责加速这些颗粒，但对这个机制一直没有令人信服的观测证据来证明。” said first author of the study, Bin Chen, of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.第一作者哈佛 - 史密森天体物理中心陈斌说。

Solar flares are powerful eruptions that often are associated with coronal mass ejections that throw huge amounts of material out from the Sun. 太阳耀斑是强大的爆发经常连带着日冕物质抛射，把大量的物质从太阳上抛射出去。Scientists think they are produced by the sudden release of energy when strong magnetic fields reconfigure themselves and reconnect. 科学家认为它们是由能量突然释放时产生的强磁场自己重新组态并重新连接。Researchers were unclear, though, how such magnetic phenomena could propel the high-speed charged particles that emerge from the eruptions. 研究人员目前还不清楚，这样的磁现象如何推动喷发出来的高速粒子。

The new VLA observations support the idea that the acceleration occurs in a region of the flare where fast plasma flows caused by the violent energy release impinge on dense magnetic loops and form a stationary shock, called a "termination shock." 新的VLA观测支持，加速发生在快速的等离子体流引起的剧烈的能量释放影响密集的磁回路，形成一个平稳震荡的想法，称为“终端激波。” Electrons are repeatedly pummeled by the shock into higher and higher speeds. 电子被多次冲击到更高的速度。The VLA results closely match computer simulations that produce such a phenomenon. VLA的结果与产生这样的现象的计算机模拟结果密切匹配。

The scientists used the VLA, along with other telescopes at ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths, to study a flare that erupted on 3 March 2012. 科学家们使用的VLA，以及紫外线和X射线波长的其他望远镜，研究2012年3月3日爆发的耀斑。The VLA produced radio images from a broad range of radio frequencies and in time slices of only 50 milliseconds each. VLA射电图像从一个广泛的范围内产生的无线电频率并且每片只有50毫秒。The researchers were able to determine that short-lived bursts of radio waves coming from energetic electrons were occuring where the termination shock was expected to be, according to the computer simulations. 研究者能够确定短暂的爆发是由高能电子来的无线电波发生电击的终止，根据计算机模拟预计的结果。Other details further supported the termination-shock acceleration model. 其他细节进一步支持终止冲击加速模型。

"These new insights are a significant step forward in our understanding of particle acceleration, which is not only an important aspect of solar flares, but also a fundamental physical process occurring throughout the Universe," Chen said.“这些是我们理解的粒子加速的新的见解，这不仅是太阳耀斑的一个重要方面，也是一个生在整个宇宙中的基本的物理过程一个重要的一步”陈说。

The VLA was constructed during the 1970s and dedicated in 1980. 该VLA在20世纪70年代建造，并奉献在1980年。 From 2001 to 2012, the VLA was upgraded to incorporate advanced technology that had been developed since its dedication. 从2001年到2012年，VLA已升级纳入因为它的奉献已经开发了先进的技术。Now returned to the technological state of the art, the VLA provides scientists with research capabilities vastly improved over its original design. 现在回到了先进的技术状态下，VLA为科学家提供研究能力，在其原来的设计基础上有了大大提高。

"The recently upgraded capabilities of the VLA were absolutely essential in establishing this finding," said co-author Timothy Bastian, of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory.“最近升级的VLA的能力对于建立这一结果是绝对必要的，” 美国国家射电天文台Timothy Bastian。

Chen and Chengcai Shen, of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, worked with Bastian, Dale Gary of the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Sam Krucker of the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Applied Science and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, and Lindsay Glesener, of the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Minnesota. The scientists reported their findings in the 4 December issue of the journal Science. 哈佛 - 史密森天体物理中心的陈和沈程彩，曾与新泽西技术学院的Bastian, Dale Gary，加利福尼亚大学的Sam Krucker，瑞士西北艺术应用科学大学的伯克利，和琳赛格雷森纳，加利福尼亚大学的伯克利和明尼苏达大学一起工作。12月4日，他们的研究成果在科学杂志上发表。

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. 国家射电天文台是国家科学基金会的一个设施，由相关的大学、公司合作经营。
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翻译:赵天乐